Disorders of Thyroid Gland

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland (a butterfly-shaped structure present in the base of the neck just, below the Adam's apple) is overactive and produces too much of the thyroid hormone (Hurd 2006). In this condition, the body's metabolism rate is significantly increased due to the rise in the T3 and the T4 levels in the blood (forms of the thyroid hormone) that control several vital functions in the body (Mayo 2006). The disease can occur in acute and chronic forms.Several functions such as fat and carbohydrate metabolism, heart rate, protein production, etc are controlled by the thyroid hormones. The pituitary gland also known as ‘master gland’ controls the release of the T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland. It is present in the hypothalamus region of the skull (Mayo 2006). The pituitary gland produces the hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which controls the thyroid levels in the body through a negative feedback mechanism. If the thyroid hormo ne levels are low, the TSH level raises leading to increased production of thyroid hormones.In situations in which the T3 and T4 levels are higher, the TSH levels rises in the blood (Mayo 2006). In certain tumors that affect the pituitary gland, excessive levels of TSH may be released resulting in hyperthyroidism. In Grave's disease (an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism is present), the thyroid levels may rise due to certain antibodies prsent in the blood that encourage the thyroid gland to produce higher amounts of T3 and T4. Sometimes, the thyroid gland may get inflamed (known as ‘thyroiditis’) resulting in increased production of the thyroid hormone (Mayo 2006).An individual who develops hyperthyroidism may develop a range of symptoms which include sudden loss of weight, increased appetite, rise in the heart rate, palpitations, arrhythmia, nervousness, anxiety attacks, tremors, irritability, menstrual problems, sweating, confusion, swelling present in the base of the neck (goiter), tiredness, sleeplessness, muscle weakness, problems in bowel movements, clammy skin, skin flushes, hair loss, gynecomastia, etc (Hurd 2006). Besides, the eyes are also affected resulting in protrusion of the eyes, hypertension, dryness of the eyeballs, sensitivity to light, osteoporosis, etc (Mayo 2006).Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough of the thyroid hormone to make up the needs of the body (Mayo 2006). The condition more frequently occur in women than men, over that age of 50 years (Hurd 2007). Hypothyroidism can develop from a range of condition. In Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, the body’s defense mechanism produces antibodies that tend to destroy the thyroid gland tissues resulting in hypo-secretion (Mayo 2006). It may develop in association with a bacterial or a fungal infection.Some individuals who are treated for hyperthyroidism through radio-isotope therapy, ant-thyroid agents or surgery, may develop hypothyroidism due to reduced activity of the gland (Mayo 2006). Several other treatment and diagnostic interventions such as radiotherapy involving the head and neck region, certain medications such as lithium, etc, may bring about hypothyroidism (Mayo 2006). In some cases, babies are born with a small or a missing thyroid gland and develop hypothyroidism.The pituitary gland may produce lower amounts of TSH due to a tumor involving the gland (Mayo 2006). In general, the metabolism and activities of the body are slowed down in hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms of hypothyroidism include sensitivity to cold, pale, hoarseness of the voice, weight gain, moon-like face, higher cholesterol levels, joint and muscle problems (pain, tenderness and swelling), depression, constipation, fatigue, weakness, abnormal menstrual cycle, drowsiness, short stature, delayed formation of the teeth, etc (Hurd 2007).The skin appears dry, flaky and pale, and the individual may have nail abnormali ties and hair loss (Hurd 2007). The teeth may take longer time to form or may not form at all (Hurd 2007). The individual may develop a goiter (swelling present in the lower part of the neck due to the enlargement of the thyroid gland). As the cholesterol levels (especially LDL or bad cholesterol) are elevated, the individual is at the risk of developing heart problems (Mayo 2006).

The Effect of Organisational Structure and Culture on Information Security Risk Processes

Risk assessment is regarded as an integral part of any information security management framework. This is because an information security management framework exists to enable an organisation to maximise the use of its information within a level of risk that is acceptable to the organisation. In information security management literature risk assessment processes are presented as pivotal to the success of the information security management framework. Risk assessment is used to establish the ISMS, determine the information security risks that an organisation faces, and identify the security countermeasures necessary to reduce the risks to an appropriate level. The emphasis is on an â€Å"appropriate response† to the measure of risk where appropriate is considered in the overall context of the organisation. Risk assessment is enmeshed with additional organisational processes that construct what is termed an Information Security Management System (ISMS). An information security management system is primarily described in the information security management standard ISO 27001 [9, clauses 4-8]. It is an abstracted organisational model found in information security management literature which articulates a systematised view of the information security management functions and processes described in much of the information security management literature. The role of an Information Security Management System (ISMS) is to ensure that adequate controls are â€Å"established, implemented, monitored, reviewed and improved, where necessary, to ensure that the specific security and business objectives of an organisation are met. † [8, p. viii]. In this regard, an ISMS is comprised of logical management functions and management processes. The relationship between risk assessment and the other information security management processes is described in Figure One which shows that the processes interact in a continuous loop, termed the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle (PDCA) or Deming Wheel in security management literature. The dominating decision making processes are risk based and constitute some form of risk assessment or evaluation. However the extent to which the process is a â€Å"technical†, standardised one, is highly dependent on the organisational context, as this paper discusses.

Basic accounting principles

Basic accounting principles The set of rules that governs the field of accounting are known as accounting principles. Accounting principles are conventions that provide a framework for accounting, book keeping, and financial reporting. These principles are essential for businesses preparing their financial statements. For reporting purposes, both internal and external, accounting principles ensure that the financial information should not be misleading for its users. During the Great Depression of 1929, US Government passed a law for the creation of convention, principles, and standards for accounting practices. These principles are known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP. GAAP helped in standardizing the practices used in the accounting industry for preparing financial statements. With the help of GAAP debtors, creditors and investors can analyze the financial health of the company and also compare its performance with other companies. All the companies are expected to follow these generally accepted accounting principles when they are preparing their financial statements. The topics that GAAP covers are assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, equity, preparation of financial statements, and all the other industry-specific accounting practices pertaining to aviation, banking, etc. There are three principles of accounting. These are: The Business Entity Concept – In accountancy, a clear distinction has been made between the business and its proprietor. Business Entity Concept means that the business should be treated as a separate entity from its owner. A business is a separate entity in the eyes of laws. In legal terms, it can be said that a business can exist even after the existence of its proprietors. Even in the books of accounts of business entity, each transaction is recorded from the perspective of the business and not from point of view of the proprietor. Going Concern Concept – Going concern concept explains that the business until and unless entered into liquidation, is to be considered having a perpetual or an indefinite life. American Institute of Certified Public Accountants defines it as â€Å"going concern concept assumes that the business will remain in existence long enough for all the assets of the business to be fully utilized. Utilized assets mean obtaining the complete benefit from their earning potential†. Any business is said to going concern when there is neither an intention nor the necessity to wind up its operations in foreseeable future. Full Disclosure Concept – Full disclosure concept requires that companies should reveal every aspect of its accounting in their financial statements. According to this concept financial statements should provide fair and full information about they purport to represent. To meet the requirement of Full Disclosure concept, financial statements are supported by the footnotes. For example, market value of investments, methods used for valuation of investments, inventories and methods used for charging depreciation on fixed assets, etc. are shown in the Balance Sheet as footnotes. The purpose of full disclosure concept is to provide all material and relevant facts pertaining to the financial health and results to its users.

Organization Theory, Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization Theory, Design and Change - Essay Example The process of change occurs when organizations make an attempt to move towards a state of increased profitability and proficiency compared to its present situation. The organizational structure simply illustrates the organization’s chain of command; how and through whom messages/orders/information passes through in order to reach its destination, typically from top to bottom i.e. originating from the CEO. The management comprises of individuals who creates a culture which describes the attitudes, beliefs and values these individuals possess. The organizations culture is a collection of specific norms and values shared by the people in the organization which has a strong impact towards the way they interact internally i.e. with each other, and externally i.e. with the stakeholders. The organizational theory, design, change, culture and structure are various systems of inter-related roles which support each other towards the process of achieving the organization’s goals and success. These elements, through interaction, eventually evolve over time and influence each other as the entire organization grows which means that the organizational theory, design, culture, change and structure are interdependent.

Incident at Reception Desk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incident at Reception Desk - Essay Example I did not use any negative terms, instead I said, When I told him that because of regulations, it was not possible to provide him with what he wanted at this time, he slammed his hands quite forcefully down on the counter top and pushed his body forward, his face really close to mine. I took a step back, he was very angry and his body language was threatening. At this point, he began to insult me in quite a low, menacing tone, calling me a "stupid bureaucratic, pen-pushing moron with no initiative!" whore," and "brainless f..ing bitch". He got to the door, and shouted back that I would regret being so unhelpful, that he would be suing me for my failure to provide the correct public service he was entitled to. He also said I would be hearing from his uncle, P. Bull Terrier, that "even a fool like you must have heard of him!" He banged the door really hard as he left. Two of the members of the public came to the desk and were real kind. They gave Joelly their details and offered to be witnesses in support of the fact that I had behaved politely and correctly throughout. The incident left me shaken and rather nervous, but after discussing it with you and writing it down, this has helped to clarify things. I feel certain that I carried out my duties correctly and have done nothing to bring trouble or disrepute on the department. I look forward to your response.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 70

Leadership - Essay Example I have also observed that good leaders are role models who are willing to create more leaders (Chand, 2008). They pass their leadership skills and experience to specific individuals. Leaders must accommodate innovation and be flexible to diverse opinions from other leaders and their followers. They manifest relevance by being flexible and accommodative. Indeed, good leaders seek to make a difference and engage in consultations aimed at making the best decisions. As such, leaders must be followers of experienced leaders. I observed that leaders establish strong associations and collaborations with others to enhance their skills and competence. This enables them to derive authority and respect from their followers. Most importantly, I observed that good leaders are objective and focus on growth in their organization (Chand, 2008). As such, they engage in activities like seminars and conferences that foster personal and leadership development. Nevertheless, it is evident that certain traits like corruption and misuse of power hinder good leadership. As such, it is challenging to find a good leader.Bottom of

Project motorcycles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project motorcycles - Essay Example This structure is advantageous because there is a clear chain of command, autonomy of departments, quick decision making and sharing of skills. The following model indicates the functional structure that is intended to be applied in the developing of the larger touring class motorcycle. This implies that, a project can be completed by a specific functional group equipped with the necessary skills. The process of developing a larger class touring motorcycle involves two main stages. They include manufacturing and quality control. At the manufacturing department, the necessary materials are assembled to completion and at the quality control department; the quality control inspectors conduct a visual inspection (Cooke, Tate, & Cooke, 2011). The functional groups form reservoirs of knowledge in the areas of specialization. The groups’ efficiency is attributed to well-structured communication processes, which eases decision-making. The process of developing motors larger than 1100cc intended for long distance and a proposed global market target of males aged 35-60 years requires systematic functional units to ensure that, the company does not make losses during the changeover (Cooke, Tate, & Cooke, 2011). The following are the primary raw material essential for the development of a motorcycle. The process of manufacturing should start at the weld department. This process should be aided by the computer-controlled fabrication of frame lofty strength materials (Henshaw, 2012). The components are shaped into hollow tubular metal shells. The diverse sections are jointly welded. The process engrosses manual, automatic and computerized equipment. The plastic and metal components are painted in the booths of the paint department. The process is called powder coating. It is done by a pressurized system, which disperses the paint evenly (Henshaw, 2012). Installation of other parts such as brakes, foot pegs, seats, lights, radios, wheels and many others

In the context of capital market research what is the importance of Literature review

In the context of capital market research what is the importance of published financial information and the information content - Literature review Example Moreover, it has been proved that financial information and information content of earnings have the power to affect the investors’ decision making process. The interaction between the overall model of investor’s decision making and the published financial information, as well as the information content of earnings, is critically discussed in this paper. The justification of the above model in the context of the current financial crisis is evaluated. In order to secure that all the issues discussed above are covered, the paper has been divided into several sections, highlighting the various aspects of this paper’s subject. Apart from the introduction section, where the overall scope of the paper is presented, of particular importance are the literature and the Discussion sections. In the literature review section the following issues are addressed: the key characteristics of market research and its value on financial reporting, the published financial information and the information content of earnings as factors influencing investors’ decision making and potential use of the model of investors’ decision making within modern market which is under the continuous pressures of global financial crisis. The value of the literature findings in the context of the present crisis are further analyzed in the Analysis and Discussion section, so that valid assumptions are developed in regard to the study’s key subject. In the last section of the paper, Conclusion and recommendations, the key findings of the research developed for the issues addressed in this paper are summarized and recommendations are made, as appropriate, so that future failures are avoided. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Market research – characteristics and relation with financial reporting Market research is employed in a variety of business activities. For example, when having to decide in regard to the entrance of the business in a new market or in regard t o the development of a new product/ service market research is used for gathering information related to the host market or the consumer preferences as related to the new product/ service (Wahlen et al. 52). In regard to financial reporting and investment decision making, market research has a similar role. It helps to gather information required in developing a firm’s financial statements so that the position of the firm and its competitiveness is made clear (Wahlen et al. 52). Market research can be developed through a high range of research methods, such as surveys and field studies (Wahlen et al. 52). Preferably, market research should be based on empirical research methods, aiming to show the current market trends in regard to one or more critical business sectors. Capital market research is part of market research, it its broad meaning. Capital market research focuses on the review of ‘value-related information, such as share prices’ (Wahlen et al. 52). At this point it would be necessary to explain the key context of financial reporting, as a key activity in all organizations. Carmichael, Whittington and Lynford note that financial reporting is a process ‘for gathering information that will be used by investors or creditors for developing their investment or credit decisions accordingly’ (Carmichael, Whittington and Lynford 62). In general, financial reporti

Reflective Journal-Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Journal-Ethics - Essay Example By adopting the responsibilities of this one person, I began to imagine the worldview of this person. Focusing on my own responsibilities, as I understood them helped me to see that one of the greatest challenges in making ethical decisions lies in the ability to recognize when a decision actually needs to be made. Following established procedures and adopting a view of the world that is equipped with blinders can lead to unethical decisions. It is easy to say that you faithfully did your job and still act in an unethical manner. Unfortunately, this is all too easy to do when all a person cares about is holding the party line and doing their duties in a way that does not question the outcome of their decision. Another aspect of the simulation game that was especially powerful was the understanding of motivation and perception of others. I felt that the activity where the impact of my decision on all of the other participants was graded from high to low as a very insightful activity. It helped me to see that individuals that have the most to lose from a decision will seek to influence the decision making process the most. They will use whatever power and influence they have to maintain their positions. This is not something that I ever thought about quite in this way. I can see how information that each individual provides might be tainted by their own biases that are coming from the fact that they are trying to maintain their positions. Weighing the impact of a decision on all of the players helped me to identify when I might be open to influence from someone that might lead to an unethical decision. I found the game to be a good teaching tool for creative thinking as well. In most situations involving ethics, the answer or decision cannot be made in a vacuum and there is rarely a black or white answer. Some things are clearly unethical, such as withholding information about a product that has

The 19th century was a period of progress Essay

The 19th century was a period of progress - Essay Example There is no dearth of totalitarian states that are scientifically developed. Yet they extend to their citizens a subhuman life. Still, others regard 19th century to be progressive owing to the unprecedented extension of Western colonialism in large parts of the world. Colonial expansions definitely brought affluence and riches to the West. However, at least by the contemporary standards, colonialism could in no way be considered an essential attribute of progress. Especially, when one takes into consideration the brutality and rapaciousness of the colonial regimes those were dominant in the 19th century. If 19th century is to be labeled as being progressive, then the term 'progress' needs to be defined as something vibrant and humane. A cursory perusal of the literary and sociological works of 19th century reveal the rise of unprecedented, radical yet intense stirrings in the social and political environment, which blatantly questioned the existing order and scheme of things in the r eligious, political and social dimensions of human life. It is this very discontent and aversion to the existing state of affairs that qualifies 19th century as a progressive age. Mary Shelley's work 'Frankenstein' though superficially seems to be a Gothic tale relying on the supernatural, horrible and absurd to grab human interest and attention. However, this literary masterpiece no doubt points towards much potent interpretations, which bring to fore the general mindset and intellectual temperament of the 19th century man. 'Frankenstein' unravels a novel approach towards the understanding of creation and life, which is rebellious, unconventional, far from being conservative and orthodox and intrinsically irreverent at the same time. In fact, these are the very attributes that delineate the intellectual atmosphere in the 19th century and account for all the ensuing progress and development. The 19th century man was able to muster enough of essential heresy, which emboldened him to allocate within one's scope the matters of life and death, till now appropriated to the realm of divine and celestial. This is indicative of an approach towards life that is ration al, matter of fact, inquisitive and bold. In the words of Shelley: "Whence, I often ask myself, did the principle of life proceed It was a bold question, and one, which was ever been, considered as a mystery: yet with how many things are we upon the brink of becoming acquainted, if cowardice and carelessness did not restrain our enquiries (33)." Yet, this severing of the ties with predominantly theological and anachronistic values in no way means that the 19th century intellectual environment was bereft of any moral or ethical constraints. On the contrary, this is representative of an intellectual mindset that though being audacious was marred by lurking fears and apprehensions. 'Frankenstein' also gives voice to such societal fears by indicating that an ethically unrestrained intellect may give way to something monstrous and abominable.'My Bondage and My Freedom' written by From Douglas, takes this enquiry into ethics and morality into an entirely new realm. Slavery was no doubt, one of the most burning and controversial issue of 19th century. 'My Bondage

Ben Franklin Essay Example for Free

Ben Franklin Essay As early as the founding of the United States of America, Mr. Franklin observed society using the excuse, I dont have enough time†¦ and it negative effects on their lives. Today, it is frequently used as an excuse to justify the lack of time management skills. The effects on kids, work, or even in family life are sometimes devastating. In a day there are 24 hours, and time is available to juggle the daunting task of daily routines and prevent unwanted consequences. The first area the phrase’s unwanted results prevail is in children. While frantically circling the kitchen, trying to prepare supper, a neighbor of mine completely astounded me. Janes son, Mathew, came into the kitchen through the old saloon style double doors, and asked his mom if he could walk uptown with his friends. Without batting an eye Jane answered the young boy, saying Go ahead son. I dont have enough time to worry about you right now,† as she carried on with the twirling of a whisk in a pot of stew. It was only a couple hours before I peered out the window to see Mathew coming home in the back of a police cruiser. I don’t have time†¦ opened the doors for the young, misguided youth to go astray. As a parent, I also find that I struggle with difficulties of my childrens academics when I dont have enough time for them. My oldest daughter, Krista, has made excellent grades throughout her entire academic career. Recently, she has asked if I can help her research paper and answer some questions she may have. I dont have enough time,† was my immediate response. Around three days went by and I found myself looking online through her grades. I noticed that on the research paper she turned in, she received a below standard grade. â€Å"I don’t have enough time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  left my daughter without important information she needed from me to complete her assignment. Another area the deceptive words, â€Å"I don’t have enough time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  has shown its unappealing effects are while interviewing for a new job. In 2010, my friend Jesse and I departed from the militar y. Throughout life Jesse continued to apply the values of neatness and time management he acquired from his military training to his life, while I chose to be stubborn and do the opposite. During an interview for a sales representative position at Bob Pforte Dodge, I noticed that Jesse had also applied for the position. While speaking to him, I noticed that he had dressed in his deep blue suit, red tie, and his hair had been neatly combed to the left. His presence demanded attention, with a look that showed his desire for the position. I on the other hand, had worn mildly tattered blue jeans, a pullover shirt, and my hair had been quickly brushed straight down. I don’t have enough time†¦ was the excuse I thought of at that moment. When Jesse came out of the interview room, he spun towards me and gave a smile with the proverbial, â€Å"Nailed it,† thumbs up. After entering the office I discovered what the excitement was about. Jonathan, an interviewer at Bob Pforte Dod ge, sat behind an old mahogany desk with his peppered hair slicked back, still euphorically commenting on how, That was a business man! As he continued to describe Jesse’s charismatic appearance and ‘top-notch’ charm, things he remembered to make time for, I dont have enough time, continued to rattle through my brain. Today, Jesse is the top sales representative at Bob Pforte Dodge, while I now wake up thirty minutes earlier and take time to assure that my appearance shows my positive characteristics. Finally, I dont have enough time†¦ ultimately affects the physical or mental attributes of humans. When time is not made to unwind and do something enjoyable, the outcome on our physical and/or mental well being could prove devastating. My grandfather worked hard his entire life. He never was able to find time for his family, friends, or even take a few minutes to enjoy life. Grandpa’s children would continuously ask their father to watch a movie, or play ball with them, during which he would reply sharply with â€Å"I don’t have enough time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He retired at the age of fifty-five, only to find that time found him. Sitting alone at home, all the people who once begged for his attention now find themselves with the same excuse. I dont have time right now, Dad, they would respond as they managed to juggle their own families, jobs, and children. He passed away at the very early age of fifty-seven. I dont have enough time, stole the valuable time his family needed with him and the unrelenting need the body has for ‘time’ to relax and heal. Thus proving the effects of using the old adage is not only devastating to the mental development of families, but also could have fatal effects on physical health as well. Our daily routines, should be closely examined when we find ourselves saying I dont have enough time. The consequences could be as small as losing the promotion or as large as hurting the people who cherish the valuable time they crave. I dont have time†¦ is a statement that, if possible should be avoided. The effects could prove to be less than anticipated. Making time for the things that are important is a valuable skill in life. â€Å"I don’t have time†¦,†as Mr. Franklin implied, is an excuse to spend more time doing things that are seldom good for anything.

The Kickapoo Indians Essay Example for Free

The Kickapoo Indians Essay The growth of today’s youth in an endangered culture. I. Topic The Kickapoo Indians are a type of Native American people that have tribes across the United States. Stationed in Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the Kickapoo Indians have a culture that has not been looked over and talked about much in our world and lifetime. While they are part of the overall population of our country, we know little about them, and the influence they have on their children and the youth around them in the community. I want to study the youth culture and see how the Kickapoo Indians affect the other cultures around them. II. Literature Review I have done many searches on many sites to look for any research and studies on this tribe and the culture of these people. The states in which they live have the most information about them. The state with the most information is Texas, and there is more information on the Mexican Kickapoo Indians than the other three combined. III. Methodology To study the life and effect of the Kickapoo Indians, the plan is to join into their tribe under the clarification that it will be to show the world more about their culture. We would need to gain funding to help with living costs until the researchers are able to find suitable replacements in the area. We plan to ask permissions for this fieldwork to study the tribe currently in the lower portion of Texas. (see map) The plan is to win trust among the people, and slowly ask them to introduce us to their ceremonies, and beliefs and culture over time. We plan to gain at least three informants. We would pick an informant from each age group to better understand the evolution of the tribe through these past years. (Chapter 5 of Book). We would also like to accomplish a mapping process to understand how the distribution of the land works for the tribe as a whole. (Chapter 5) The tribe, being in lower Texas, will easily be reached by plane. No passports or documents needed for out of country fieldwork will be needed for this field research. The foreseeable problems would be being able to ain access to the tribe grounds, as well as integrate into their community without repercussions. We expect to be able to approach the tribe after a year to two years of preparations prior to the move. After we arrive we figure it will be at a max, an amount of 4 years to be able to gather the information we can from the tribe. We believe it will take a minimum of 2 years in order to gain the trust fully of the tribe. Then another two years to gain th e information from the three informants we hope to gain. IV. Ethical Considerations We are unsure of what type of ethical problems we will be facing when it comes to the Texas tribe of the Kickapoo Indians. Seeing as how these Indians are part of the American culture as well, it would be safe to bet that it would be one of the safer tribes in the world to visit. We can ensure confidentiality using methods placed by federal systems, and can refrain from using informants that fear for their safety among the tribe if they wish, so that they are protected. We can also alert the reservation law enforcement to make sure we are backed up in the protection of the people. We will do anything we can to ensure that any risk to being a participant in our fieldwork is minimal. (Activity 1 Information page) V. Conclusion In conclusion, we would like to study the Texas tribe of Kickapoo Indians to learn about how their youth continue to thrive in the traditions of their elders as they grow in the ever changing world on the United States. With the Kickapoo youth being a part of normal American society we get to see the influence of the traditions of their culture in them, as they influence others around them.

Poverty Elimination by NGOs

Poverty Elimination by NGOs Assessing NGOs performance in poverty reduction is a difficult task. However, it is worth learning from other observations conducted on NGO performance in alleviating poverty NGOs have increased the scale on the type of roles they play. In this contemporary time, NGOs are tremendously working, and helping government, institutions, and the rural poor in the fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan African, which was their traditional role during the World Wars. Although NGOs are appraised for their tremendous work, other scholars have opined that they do not see their essence due to the fact that many have fallen below expectations. In this Chapter, however, researchers task is to review the literature of other scholarly works as it relate to NGOs roles in poverty alleviation. Desai (2005) has mentioned that NGOs have an important role to play in supporting women, men and households, community groups, civil society groups and expected that they can meet the welfare. She accounted some role and functions for NGOs, such as counseling and support service, awareness raising and advocacy, legal aid and microfinance. These services help the people to achieve their ability, skill and knowledge, and take control over their own lives and finally become empowered and self-reliance. I agree with the author, because if a project like microfinance is enforced, the living standard of people will be improved. This evidence will be seen in the next chapter. Strom quits (2002) has also noted three major functions for NGOs such as (service delivery (e.g. relief, welfare, basic skills); educational provision (e.g. basic skills and often critical analysis of social environments); and public policy advocacy as this is the case with NGOs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baccaro (2001), in his writing depicted how particular NGOs with a definite mission statements can promote the organization and empowerment of the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of micro-credit, awareness-raising, training for group members which is capacity building and other social services, with an aim to reduce poverty among societies. NGOs general aim is to alleviate poverty through activities that promote capacity building and self-reliance. Langran (2002) has mentioned that NGOs through capacity building help to sustain community development assist government in the provision of basic social amenities. NGOs are often created in order to expand the capacities of people and government there by breaching the gap of poverty (Korten 1990). NGOs are praised for promoting community self-reliance and empowerment through supporting community-based groups and relying on participatory processes (Korten 1990; Clark 1991; Friedmann 1992; Fowler 1993; Edwards and Hulme 1994; Salamon 1994).In Sub-Saharan Africa for instance where survival for daily bread is a major hurdle, NGOs have been seen as liberators of human suffering the evidence is in Sierra Leone were sixty percent of citizens survival dependent upon donors. Sustainable development, on the other hand, has emerged over the past few decades as an important paradigm for poverty alleviation. As Bradshaw and Winn (2000) have noted, sustainability is rooted largely in an environmental approach, particularly in the industrialized countries. But, the goal of sustainable development is to find a balance between three pillars social, economic and environmental of communities (Sneddon 2000). Hibbard and Tang (2004) in their study in Vietnam have noted the importance of NGOs roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was that NGOs balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting sustainable development. Another important role of NGO that they discovered was decentralization of the central government which helps the local communities to acquire more power in order to make their own decisions. As in the case of Sierra Leone where civil society groups and other NGOs like MERLIN, Caritas and CRS, have succeeded in winning bills for decentralization in the Health ministry. But, sometimes the local communities lack specialists to do professional work and resources that are important for the particular projects. In this situation, NGO assists local staff with drafting sustainable development plans that are functional under the umbrella of a central government policy. Finally, they concluded that poverty alleviation is process-oriented, and it requires extensive community participation and relies on network to share resources, knowledge and expertise. From the literatures, it could be summarized that NGOs play an important function in fighting poverty via promoting sustainable community development. Sustainable community development emphasizes on a balance between environmental concerns and development objectives, while simultaneously enhancing local social relationships. Sustainable communities meet the economic needs of their residents, enhance and protect the environment, and promote more human local societies (Bridger and Luloff 1997). Through the functions of providing microfinance, initiating capacity building and self -reliance, peace building projects, relief services during emergencies, NGOs could bridge the gap of poverty in Sub-Saharan African. Below are the reviews of NGOs roles, functions and strategies they used to fight poverty. 2.1- NGOs MICROFINANCE ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Microfinance is another important sector that NGOs have fully ultilised in reaching out to the poor. Their roles in this sector, has immensely contributed to alleviating poverty among the poor. The purpose of using microfinance to alleviate poverty is as a result of what role microfinance can play and what impact it created on the beneficiaries. Microfinance has a very important role to play in development according to proponents of microfinance. In the 1990s, scholars have increasingly referred to microfinance as an effective means of poverty reduction (Rekha 1995; Cerven and Ghazanfar 1999; Pankhurst and Johnston 1999). The microfinance has long existed in Africa, but saw it decline when government established banking institutions took over Oxaal and Baden (1997). The World Bank found, in 1998, that the poorest 48% of Bangladeshi families with access to microcredit from Grameen Bank rose above the poverty line. In Peoples Republic of China (PRC), for instance, microfinance programs have helped lift 150 million people out of poverty since 1990 (UNHDR, 2005). Similarly in, in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Liberia, MkNelly and Dunford (1998) Mansaray (1998-99), found that microcredit beneficiaries increased their income by $36, compared with $18 for nonclients. Clients of microfinance generally shifted from irregular, low-paid daily jobs to more secured employment in India (Simanowitz, 2003) and Bangladesh (Zaman, 2000). Otero (1999, p.10) illustrates the various ways in which microfinance, at its core combats poverty. She states that microfinance creates access to productive capital for the poor, which together with human capital, addressed through education and training, and social capital, achieved through local organization building, enables people to move out of poverty (1999). By providing material capital to a poor person, their sense of dignity is strengthened and this can help to empower the person to participate in the economy and society (Otero, 1999). The aim of microfinance according to Otero (1999) is not just about providing capital to the poor to combat poverty on an individual level, it also has a role at an institutional level. It seeks to create institutions that deliver financial services to the poor, who are continuously ignored by the formal banking sector. Mayoux (2000) and Cheston and Khan (2002) have pointed out the importance of microfinance in empowerment, particularly women empowerment. Microfinance is defined as efforts to improve the access to loans and to saving services for poor people (Shreiner2001). UNCDF (2001) states that studies have shown that microfinance plays key roles in development. It is currently being promoted as a key development strategy for promoting poverty eradication and economic empowerment. It has the potential to effectively address material poverty, the physical deprivation of goods and services and the income to attain them by granting financial services to households who are not supported by the formal banking sector (Sheraton 2004). Microcredit programs provide small loans and savings opportunities to those who have traditionally been excluded from commercial financial services. As a development inclusion strategy, adopted by NGOs through the provision of funds to both locally established groups and government and private institutions, microfinance programs emphasize womens economic contribution as a way to increase overall financial efficiency within national economies. This is because in Sub-Saharan Africa, as whole women are said to be bread winners and care takers of their families. It should be noted that women are always at mercy regarding social misshapes .According to Cheston and Khan (2002), one of the most popular forms of economic empowerment for women is microfinance, which provides credit for poor women who are usually excluded from formal credit institutions. This issue of gender discrimination in the microfinance sector have been researched and debated by donor agencies, NGOs, feminists, and activists (Johnson and Rogaly 1997; Razavi 1997; Kabeer 1999; Mayoux 2001; Mahmud 2003). However, underneath these shared concerns lie three fundamentally different approaches to microfinance: financial sustainability, feminist empowerment, and poverty alleviation. All three microfinance approaches have different goals coupled with varied perspectives on how to incorporate gender into microfinance policy and programs (Mayoux 2000). The microfinance empowers women by putting capital in their hands and allowing them to earn an independent income and contribute financially to their households and communities. This economic empowerment is expected to generate increased self-esteem, respect, and other forms of empowerment for women beneficiaries. Some evidence show that microfinance would empower women in some domains such as increased participation in decision making, more equitable status of women in the family and community, increased political power and rights, and increased self-esteem (Cheston and Kuhn 2002). Well-being as an output of microfinance not only covers the economic indicators, but also other indicators such as community education, environment, recreation and accessibility to social services. It is related to the quality of life (Asnarulkhadi 2002). In order to gain economic sustainability, NGOs through microfinance help the communities to reduce poverty, create jobs, and promote income generation. In the developing countries, sustainability is linked more closely to issues of poverty and the gross inequalities of power and resources (Hamnett and Hassan 2003). This is due to the fact that in the Third World countries like sub-Saharan Africa, the ecological system, climate, sometimes conflicts with the socio-economic needs of local people who depend on a local ecosystem for their survival (Nygren 2000). In contrast, in the developed countries, as Bradshaw and Winn (2000) have noted, more priority is given on environmental aspect of sustainable development. Despite the importance attached to microfinance as an effective tool for poverty alleviation, yet it cannot be over ruled that this sector do have many problems. This has even led some scholars to doubt it usefulness, there by suggesting that NGOs still need to do more to reach out to the poor. Littlefield, Murduch and Hashemi (2003), Simanowitz and Brody (2004) and the IMF (2005) have commented on the critical role of microfinance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Simanowitz and Brody (2004, p.1) state, Microfinance is a key strategy in reaching the MDGs and in building global financial systems that meet the needs of the most poor people. Littlefield, Murduch and Hashemi (2003) state microfinance is a critical contextual factor with strong impact on the achievements of the MDGsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦microfinance is unique among development interventions: it can deliver social benefits on an ongoing, permanent basis and on a large scale. Referring to various case studies, they show how microfinance has played a role in eradicating poverty, promoting education, improving health and empowering women (2003). However, other scholars are not enthusiastic about the role of microfinance in development because of it lapses, and it is important to realize that microfinance is not a all done strategy when it comes to fighting poverty. Hulme and Mosley (1996), while acknowledging the role microfinance can have in helping to reduce poverty, concluded from their research on microfinance that most contemporary schemes are less effective than they might be (1996, p.134). They state that microfinance is not a total solution for poverty-alleviation and that in some cases the poorest people have been made worse-off by microfinance. Wright (2000,p.6) states that much of the skepticism of MFIs stems from the argument that microfinance projects fail to reach the poorest, generally have a limited effect on incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦drive women into greater dependence on their husbands and fail to provide additional services desperately needed by the poor. In addition, Wright says that many development practitioners not only find microfinance inadequate, but that it actually diverts funding from more pressing or important interventions such as health and education (2000, p.6). As argued by Navajas et al (2000), there is a danger that microfinance may siphon funds from other projects that might help the poor more. They state that governments and donors should know whether the poor gain more from microfinance, than from more health care or food aid for example. Therefore, there is a need for all involved in microfinance and development to ascertain what exactly has been the impact of microfinance in combating poverty. Considerable debate remains about the effectiveness of microfinance as a tool for directly reducing poverty, and about the characteristics of the people it benefits (Chowdhury, Mosley and Simanowitz, 2004). Sinha (1998) argues that it is notoriously difficult to measure the impact of microfinance programmes on poverty. 2.2. NGOs CAPACITY BUILDING ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Capacity building is another NGOs strategy and role that helps to bridge a gap between the haves and have not in society. Capacity building is an approach to development that builds independence. It can be: A means to an end, where the purpose is for others to take on programs. Is a process, where the capacity building strategies are routinely incorporated as an important element of effective practice (NSW Health 2001). Langran (2002) has defined capacity building as the ability of one group (NGOs) to strengthen the development abilities of another group (local communities) through education, skill training and organizational support. Capacity building is a strategy used to develop not a set of pre-determined activities. There is no single way to the build capacity of an individual or groups of individuals. Although experience tells us that there is a need to work across the key action areas, practitioners approach each situation separately to identify pre-existing capacities and develop strategies particular to a program or organization, in its time and place. Before beginning to build capacity within programs, practitioners need to identify pre-existing capacities such as skills, structures, partnerships and resources. Frankish (2003) has counted a number of dimensions for community capacity including financial capacity (resources, opportunities and knowledge), human resources (skills, motivations, confidence, and relational abilities and trust) and social resources (networks, participation structures, shared trust and bonding). UNDP (1997-2009) has introduced capacity building as the process by which individuals, groups, and organizations increase their abilities to first, perform core functions, solve problems, define and achieve objectives; and second, understand and deal with their development needs in a broad context and in a sustainable manner. NGOs, through the provision of education, skills and knowledge, develop the capacity of community towards achieving sustainable development. In fact, NGOs act as a capacity builder to help the communities to develop the resources, building awareness, motivating to participation in project and finally improving the quality of communitys lives. Inger Ulleberg (2009) has supported the view that NGOs play important role through the provision of skills for the rural poor. He has maintained that through capacity building, NGOs have been able to reach the poor, and has contributed to the development of the beneficiaries through skills training, the given of technical advice, exchange of experiences, research and policy advice which is key to todays development. Through the case study of Afghanistan NGOs, it suggested that these areas of interest have yielded fruit for the intended beneficiaries. The activities have usually strengthened the skills of individuals, as it was intended but have not always succeeded in improving the effectiveness of the ministries and other organizations where those individuals are working. This according to Kpaka (2007) considered it as a failure on the part of the implementers because of improper allocation of stratetigies and argues that they failed because of poor planning and poor implementation strategy. 2.3.NGOs ROLES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION Self-reliance is another strategy that affects sustainable community development. Effective community development sits on the foundation of self-reliance. The concept of self-reliance is strategically situated within the essence of community development and is related to other concepts like mutual-help, self-help, participation of the indigenous people and rural progress. Self-reliance encourages the necessity for people to use local initiatives, their abilities and their own possessions to improve their condition. Fonchingong and Fonjong (2002) have pointed out that self-reliance is increasingly being adopted as modus operandi for community development. Therefore, to attain self-reliance, NGOs and community groups must discover their own potential and look for ways to innovatively develop such discovered potential to use as sources of wealth for the development of the community (Ife and Tesoriero 2006). Motivating and mobilizing people to be self-reliant and to participate in development activities become an important objective of the NGOs. According to Kelly (1992), self-reliance means that the people rely on their own resources and are independent of funds sourced outside the community. Self-reliant strategy relies on the willingness and ability of the local people to depend on their own available resources and technology which they can control and manage. A self-reliant strategy requires the optional use of all available human, natural and technological resources (Agere 1982). Although dependence on the state maybe desirable in the short term, it should not be a long term objective, because the aim of the community development must ultimately be self-reliance. Mansaray (1982) has maintained that reliance on external resources will lead to the loss of autonomy and independence of the community, therefore communities should be bound to carry out autonomous programmes. This according to him, autonomous communities can flourish only in the absence of such external dependency. According to Korten (1990), the second strategy of the NGOs focuses on developing the capacities of the people to better meet their own needs through self-reliant local action. In the second generation strategy, Korten (1990) mentioned that the local inertia is the heart of problem in a village or community. There is a potential energy in a community but remains inactive because of the inertia of tradition, isolation and lack of education. But this unwillingness on the part of the local beneficiaries can be broken through the intervention of an outside change agent, who supposedly are to be NGOs, whose role is to who help the community realize its potentials through education, organization, consciousness raising, small loans and the introduction of simple new technologies. It is the stress on local self-reliance, with the intent that benefits will be sustained by community self-help action beyond the period of NGO assistance (Korten 1990). Therefore, NGOs, through the strategy of self-reliance, has facilitated sustainable development of the community through its participation in the community actives, project sponsorship, monitoring and evaluation processes. 2.4. NGOS PEACE BUILDING ROLE A STRATEGY FOR POVERTY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION NGOs roles are extended to peace building in Africa. The crucial role played by NGOs in the restoration of peace in war affected zones, is one seen as important. Many African countries have witnessed war and are still going through the trauma of war. Countries like Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Somalia and many are witnesses of NGOs intervention in peace building. From the evidence of the current conflict in Afghanistan, Richard Barajas, Rachel Howard, Andrew Miner Jeff Sartin, Karina Silver (2000), have maintained that NGOs can play peace building roles. The presence of NGOs in Afghanistan according to them have led to the restoration of fair peace as their propagation of the human rights law, and their involvement in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes, is fostering cooperation among the warlords. I am in total agreement with them. The role of Peace Wing in Sierra Leone, for instance, justify the effectiveness of peace building NGOs through their organizat ional strategies which was able to bring the rebels out of the bush and negotiating between the government and war factions to negotiate a peace talk rather using guns and bullets to cease war. 2.5. NGOs HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE/RELIEF SERVICES ROLES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION The provision of food and non-food items during emergency periods and war time and other disasters periods, often see NGOs functions as important one. The provision of these items is short run but very significance in alleviating poverty. According to Kpaka (2007), humanitarian assistance is a fastest means to fight poverty and ensure sustainability in todays society. During emergency period, governments are unable to settle their displaced and refugee population, because of inadequacies of resources. As a result of the shortcoming of the government, the issue of NGOs influx into a country becomes unquestionable Kpaka (2007). Conflict and other disasters that occurred in society always left a strong poverty bench mark. During these conflicting periods, lives, properties, and physical infrastructures, diseases, and other hazardous issues are left as strong legacy in our society. To remedy these legacies, Humanitarian NGOs have different strategies to implement their relief programmes. Generally, the roles of NGOs are still debatable as many sees their roles as positive and others sees these roles as not proper. It has been noted that, NGO contributions in poverty reduction are limited. Edwards Hulme (1995:6) stated that it is difficult to find general evidence that NGOs are close to the poor. There is growing evidence that in terms of poverty reduction, NGOs do not perform as effectively as had been usually assumed by many agencies. More specific evidence is provided by Riddell and Robinson (1995) who conducted a case study on sixteen NGOs undertaken in four countries in Asia and Africa. They found that while NGO projects reach the poor people, they tend not to reach down to the very poorest. NGO projects also tend to be small scale. The total numbers assisted are also small. Furthermore, it is also rare for NGO projects to be financially self sufficient. Finally, although NGOs execute a number of very imaginative projects, many of them appear to be unwilling to innovate in certain areas or activities. Therefore, because of these limitations, the roles of NGOs in alleviating poverty cannot be exaggerated. 2.6. CONCLUTION The literature established the important roles played by of NGOs in the fight against poverty through micro-finance, capacity building, self-reliance, peace building, sustainable community development, and empowerment especially womens empowerment all aiming at poverty alleviation. NGOs through the micro-finance help members of community to access jobs, income-generation and improve economic situation there by alleviating poverty from the poor. And then they would become empowered economically. NGOs developed the capacities of community such as skills, abilities, knowledge, assets and motivates the community to participate in the project to improve the quality of their lives. NGOs act as capacity builders that help the community to achieve the empowerment particularly individual empowerment. Since the philosophy of community development is independent from any outside agents, thus the community must rely on their own resources. NGOs do assist the community to discover their potentials and also mobilize community to be self-reliant. Therefore, the final outcome of community development is the independence of the community from external agents in formulating its agenda and managing its affairs. This process involves capacity building, where people get involved in human capital training, transferring of authority from donor to recipient and receive supports from stakeholders (World Bank group 1999). When people become fully empowered, they are able to contribute toward sustainable development (Lyons et al. 2001). Therefore, NGOs through some programs and functions, such as microfinance, capacity building and self-reliance help community to be empowered, and finally contribute towards sustainable community development. However, though many dont see a need for NGOs in the fight against poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa, I strongly believed that presence in black Africa is importance. Their strategies and approaches they use to fight this disease is one that should not be neglected. Having looked into all the literature NGOs, in the next chapter, researcher will be discussing the strategies adopted by some NGOs in the fight against poverty.

Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women as a Moral Guide Essay -- Little Wome

Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women as a Moral Guide Little Women was published in 1868, just a few short years after the Civil War that had devastated the country came to an end. People across the nation were trying to come to terms with emancipation and its implications, and many felt somewhat lost after witnessing the gruesome ideological struggle. In Little Women, Louisa May Alcott attempts to guide the nation’s children through this delicate period of social upheaval by giving them a moral guide to follow. The novel follows the four March sisters in their journey towards adulthood, but in the process, Alcott attempts to inculcate morals into the minds of the readers who are also struggling through the formative years of their lives. She does this by illustrating the moral trials and triumphs of the March family. Although these girls are all basically good at heart, each has a flaw she struggles to overcome. By highlighting their defects as well as their assets, Alcott allows the reader to sympathize with the March girls, and because the Marches try so hard to correct their flaws, the reader is inspired to correct her own faults. Little Women is obviously a piece of didactic literature, but Alcott believes its message will be better received if the audience actually enjoys reading it. She sets her novel up as a behavioral guide for her young readers in the preface, in which she hopes that it will be both entertaining and morally instructional for the reader: Go then, my little book, and show to all That entertain and bid thee welcome shall, What thou dost keep close shut up in thy breast; And with what thou dost show them may be blest To them for good, may make them choose to be ... ... she does not teach girls that they are inferior to boys. On the contrary, Alcott bluntly expresses her frustration regarding the gender prejudices of her society. While Alcott could not reform the minds of her contemporaries, she could mold the minds of her young readers by giving them a moral guide to follow. Thus, Alcott encourages children to model their own behavior after the March sisters, who try very hard to improve themselves, and succeed despite their imperfections. By presenting these moral struggles to the reader, Alcott encourages them to bear their burdens as gracefully as Beth, Amy, Jo and Meg do. Works Cited Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. Ann Arbor: Tally Hall Press, 1997. Armstrong, Frances. â€Å"‘Here Little and Hereafter Bliss’: Little Women and the Deferral of Greatness.† American Literature 64(3). September, 1992. pp 453-474. Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women as a Moral Guide Essay -- Little Wome Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women as a Moral Guide Little Women was published in 1868, just a few short years after the Civil War that had devastated the country came to an end. People across the nation were trying to come to terms with emancipation and its implications, and many felt somewhat lost after witnessing the gruesome ideological struggle. In Little Women, Louisa May Alcott attempts to guide the nation’s children through this delicate period of social upheaval by giving them a moral guide to follow. The novel follows the four March sisters in their journey towards adulthood, but in the process, Alcott attempts to inculcate morals into the minds of the readers who are also struggling through the formative years of their lives. She does this by illustrating the moral trials and triumphs of the March family. Although these girls are all basically good at heart, each has a flaw she struggles to overcome. By highlighting their defects as well as their assets, Alcott allows the reader to sympathize with the March girls, and because the Marches try so hard to correct their flaws, the reader is inspired to correct her own faults. Little Women is obviously a piece of didactic literature, but Alcott believes its message will be better received if the audience actually enjoys reading it. She sets her novel up as a behavioral guide for her young readers in the preface, in which she hopes that it will be both entertaining and morally instructional for the reader: Go then, my little book, and show to all That entertain and bid thee welcome shall, What thou dost keep close shut up in thy breast; And with what thou dost show them may be blest To them for good, may make them choose to be ... ... she does not teach girls that they are inferior to boys. On the contrary, Alcott bluntly expresses her frustration regarding the gender prejudices of her society. While Alcott could not reform the minds of her contemporaries, she could mold the minds of her young readers by giving them a moral guide to follow. Thus, Alcott encourages children to model their own behavior after the March sisters, who try very hard to improve themselves, and succeed despite their imperfections. By presenting these moral struggles to the reader, Alcott encourages them to bear their burdens as gracefully as Beth, Amy, Jo and Meg do. Works Cited Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. Ann Arbor: Tally Hall Press, 1997. Armstrong, Frances. â€Å"‘Here Little and Hereafter Bliss’: Little Women and the Deferral of Greatness.† American Literature 64(3). September, 1992. pp 453-474.

Body Image :: essays research papers

Looking at the ad many obvious observations can be made. You see a female bent over a toilet. Then you notice the writing on the ad. Then you realize that it is an ad for the widely marketed perfume Obsession. Hey wait a minute. When did obsession start making ads where women were bent over on the toilet? Oh, I see. That’s when it clicks. Its not really an ad on the perfume obsession but really a joke or parody on the perfume name. It has become an Obsession for women to have the ideal body type. Looking at the picture from an examiners point of view, I notice the women and everything about her. You can immediately tell why she is sitting on the floor in a fetal position over the toilet. She is anorexic. You can tell mostly by her protruding spine. The spine is seen as the backbone of any human being. It is seen as what keeps us standing and walking everyday. It can almost be said to be our strength. Hers on the other hand is exposed which is a sign that her strength is exposed. This reminds me of the story in the Bible where Sampson exposes that it is his hair that gives him his strength. Now anyone could basically have control over him if they cut his hair. He is now vulnerable to any attacks, just like in the ad. The lady is now vulnerable to all outside attacks whether it be a disease or even death. To me the creators of this ad got the pathos right, in that they effectively engage the audiences’ emotions. They would probably be able to draw sympathy and concern fr om any typical person. In large font across the top of the ad it reads, â€Å"Obsession† and at the bottom in a smaller font it reads, â€Å"For women.† There is one main point that these words are trying to get across. It is that anorexia becomes an obsession for women. All around us to day are stereotypical images of how women should look. These images are usually images of models. Many women see these images and feel that they don’t live up to these standards of beauty and in turn take extreme measures in order to attain that beauty. The ad is sort of telling us that this is what happens when women try to look like CK models (logos).

I Write to Impress, Expose, and Inspire :: Writing Composition

I Write to Impress, Expose, and Inspire I'll just say it, "I like myself." I shake hands with just about every "part" of who I am. I have an admirable supply of self-esteem and I...well,...I show it off. I'll say this, "I'm a pretty decent writer." Of course, that's my own opinion, but I'm modest. I don't think I'm as good as "they" get, nor do I think that I'm as good as I can get. I like manipulating words so that they are comprehended at face-value and understood at a deeper value. I like to be enthusiastic when I write, and I like to project this to the reader. Am I doing that yet, you lovely reader, you? I like who I am, I like to hear myself talk, and I think I speak well. When rereading my introductory paper for this class, I smiled as I remembered typing it the night before it was due. I could tell that I wrote it, and that I had a bit of fun doing so. I used quotation marks around sarcastic, or pun-ny phrases. I used contractions and slang to sound more like "me" than anyone else. I had a flowing, conversational style, as Lanham might put it, with a catchy first sentence and a smile-producing conclusion. I admit that there's obvious theme paper influence within it: I have a definite intro, 4 paragraphs of "discussion," and a predictable conclusion; but I didn't let my creativity sit in the corner. I based my information on my own life, my own experiences, and my own darn opinion. I didn't look in a book for anything for that paper, and yet, it's believable. I think that there is definite magic within words and their organization on a page or in the air. While I think that I'm in control of what I say and what I mean when I say it, I can look back at something I've written and see a different, maybe deeper, meaning. In my intro paper, I can see the frustration about which I write, within the style of my writing. I get excited and poetic when I write about going to school forever to fill those barren 2/3rds of my brain, and when I write about how I'm beginning to know what I want. On the other hand, my writing "slows" in a sort of literary sigh when I write about my lack of dollars and the ambiguous future.

Comparing Quality With Quantity Of Education For Development Economics Essay

Education plays a major function in the part of economic development of any state. Education is considered to be really of import as it generates demand for high rates of labour ingestion and labour productiveness. It besides helps in deriving big economic returns through higher productiveness and incomes of the people. Education besides enhances accomplishments and cognition of the work force ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; OECD, 1994 ; Bloom et al. , 2006 ) . The states with good developed instruction systems besides benefit by increasing the proportion of the working population and promote them to stay in the work force. A good instruction system in a state besides helps to keep competitory place in the planetary economic system and minimizes the impact of unemployment than states that have non invested in such preparation ( World Bank, 1990 ; Economic development indexs, 2007 ) . Education besides helps in accomplishing a higher criterion of life and enhances the accomplishments and cognition of people. It besides contributes and benefits the population from the scientific and technological progresss in the signifier of new merchandises and procedures which may in bend consequence in higher net incomes of people and lead to economic development ( Stevens and Weale, 2003 ) . However, it can non be denied that people need to better and update their accomplishments and cognition to vie in the progressively knowledge based economic system, as a consequence of which it becomes necessary for people to set about both qualitative and quantitative instruction and preparation ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ) . The quality and measure of instruction offered may change from state to state, but instruction is considered to be really of import as it is considered to be a major subscriber of economic growing. Even in Australia, instruction is one of the largest industries which contribute to about 6 per centum of GDP and the sum spent by the politicians and educational curates in Australia is based with the quality of end product. The authorities bursary on instruction during the 90 ‘s was about $ 17.6bn and the outgo made by persons and houses was about $ 4.7bn. Australia ‘s instruction system is besides considered to be of good quality criterion and besides attracts big pupils from different states. ( Becker and Lewis, 1993 ; Burke, 1992 cited in Marginson, 1993 ; Australian authorities, 2008 ) . However, there has been a batch of argument in the literature as to whether the quality of instruction is of import of the measure for a state ‘s economic development. ( Link and Ratledge, 1975 ; Marginson, 1993 ; Woodward et Al, 2000 ; Bloom et al. 2006 ) states that, it is of import for people to hold high quality of instruction as it encourages the population to achieve more instruction which will take to economic development of a state. This is because ; high quality of instruction helps people to develop more accomplishments and cognition and therefore, increases the productiveness of people which in bend has big impact on the net incomes and economic growing. The writers further provinces that, in order to acquire accurate estimations of returns from the quality of instruction, it is of import to mensurate quality which can be done by quantitative indexs i.e. graduation rates or achievement tonss of people. One of the states that illustrate the importance of quality of instruction is Singapore, where the per capita GDP grew at the rate of 6.7 per centum between 1970 ‘s and 1990 ‘s. The chief ground for the addition in the GDP was due to the alterations in the instruction policy. The authorities ‘s policy was focused on upgrading the quality of instruction and increasing the productiveness by bettering the accomplishments of people by using the school larning to existent universe jobs. This policy resulted in increased engagement of work force in the labour market with high cognition and accomplishments and therefore, the quality of instruction contributed into the economic system by bring forthing a cognition driven work force taking to the economic development of the state ( Kozma, 2005 ) . However, ( Cheng and Ghulam, 1997 ; Lee, 2005 ; Barro, 2001 ; Sianesi and Reenen, 2002 ; Dowrick, 2002 ) contradicts this and states that measure of instruction contributes to about 0.44 per centum growing in a state ‘s per capita GDP for every extra twelvemonth of schooling. Measure of instruction helps people attain more old ages of instruction and can gain higher rewards. Achieving more old ages of instruction is besides of import as higher degree of instruction is needed to run into the challenges of altering demands which are originating out of advanced cognition and engineerings. In developed states like Australia, more accents is being laid on the quality of instruction which leads to economic growing as at that place does non look to be much of a relationship between the degrees of instruction attained i.e. measure and economic growing. In such states more importance is given on the quality of instruction. This is because, people who do non possess plenty cognition and experience i.e. quality while go forthing or graduating from high schools and colleges find it hard to run into the demands of the labour market. These people may besides hold low productiveness and net incomes which may in bend have low impact on the economic development ( Pianalto, 2004 ; Bosworth and Collins, 2003 ; Arcaro, 1995 ; Marginson, 1993 and Barr, 2002 ) . However, ( Access Economics, 2005 ; World Bank, 1990 ) contradicts these positions and provinces that at that place seems to be a relationship between achieving higher degrees of instruction and economic growing. This is because, what a population learns may be different from what the employers may demand in the labor market. Achieving a low degree of instruction may besides gain really low returns to persons and to the economic system, while more old ages of instruction i.e. measure consequences in more skilled work force. Such skilled work force, in bend consequences in higher productiveness, higher engagement of people in the work force and higher employment in the state. The work force with more instruction brings a higher degree of accomplishment to the work topographic point. Hence, it increases the productiveness. It increases engagement of people as workers with higher accomplishments degrees are more likely to work. Hence, it increases engagement. Peoples who attain mote ins truction are more likely to be employable and bask lower unemployment rates. The writer further adds that people who do non achieve more degrees of instruction, they are likely to gain lower norm returns as compared to those people who have attained more degrees of instruction. For illustration in Australia, in 1999, people who did non complete twelvemonth 12 earned about 20 per centum less than those who completed. While people who attained university instruction earned about 40 per centum more than those who completed twelvemonth 12 and about earned 75 per centum more than the least educated. Education delivers high wage to Australians Beginning: OECD Net incomes of people by increased degree of instruction Average pay of those who finish school =100 ( Nam et al. , 1994 ; Temple, 2000 ; Muffels, 2008 ) further adds that, people with low old ages of instruction i.e. measure are more likely to acquire a impermanent occupation, peripheral occupation due to the deficiency in the accomplishments and cognition. This can ensue in lower productiveness and lower net incomes of persons. While people who attain high degrees of instruction are more likely to hold a positive consequence on labor market and acquire lasting occupations, nucleus occupations. This is because, though the procedure of instruction takes clip and involves chance cost, nevertheless, the result from the investing in the old ages of schooling can be considered to be certain in a sense that those persons who undertake who attain higher degrees of instruction will be skilled laborers in future which will increase productiveness and lead to economic growing. But ( the economic experts, 1992 ; Link and Ratledge, 1975 ) are of the position that, both quality and measure are of import for economic development as a big proportion of uneducated may ensue in unemployment and people who do non finish their schools do non hold important impact on their net incomes. The people who attain quality of instruction besides better the accomplishments of people and as there is a mismatch between the accomplishments offered by the people and the accomplishments needed by labor markets, there is a demand for people to achieve measure degrees of higher instruction. In order to increase the quality and measure of instruction it is besides of import to account that, who pays for instruction. ( Woodward et al. , 2000 ; Harrison, 1997 ) states that the authorities should bear the cost of instruction because if the authorities wages of instruction so it will better the quality and measure of instruction as more figure of people will be encouraged by the authorities to set about instruction. The sum of subsidy given by the authorities besides may impact the fees that persons pay for acquiring educated and therefore, will increase the demand for instruction. But if the authorities does non pay for instruction, it may impact the quality of instruction and besides may increase inequality in instruction. This is because ; if persons have to pay for instruction so they may see instruction as outgo and non as investing and hence, see a secondary issue which may raise poorness and unemployment in the state, which may restrict the economic growing of the state.

How does Fallout New Vegas (2010) compare to The Elder Scrolls 3: Morrowind (2002)?

twain adventures with a release difference of approximately eight years some(prenominal) world RPGs in their protest right and both having equivalent game convergethe big top dog is How does radioactive dust radical Vegas (2010) comp be to The Elder Scrolls 3 Morrowind (2002)?(from left to right Morrowind and Fall tabu peeled Vegas)Fall step forward New Vegas Review in advance early 2009, I had non hear of the radioactive dust series. I was too mobile playing this neat RPG called Morrowind, which is riveting contempt the minor issues with AI and combat. Now I abide a game in front of me which is fairly recent (came out in Fall 2010), and is surprisingly similar to Morrowind. Of course, the hatfulting is different and you maintain homophiley an(prenominal) more options in gameplay.The story is that you play as a courier who tries to speak a package from Primm to New Vegas, who provokes smack by a fierce burglar gang and is saved by an natural robot named Victor . Victor takes the player to ready Mitchell, where the game begins.Afterwards, you go through the use creation process which allows you to remove your cases gender, seventh cranial nerve features, traits and so onSighA lengthy character creation, dont you speak up? adventure in Morrowind, all you did was choose your travel rapidly/gender, facial features, class and birthsign. Then, you were out into the game world double-quick than you could say john Appleseed. Still, you had the option to answer questions for the funny(they could be twins)looking priest (pictured above, left) so he could choose your class (if you in truth motivationed to hear an old man rambling on and on nearly rude nicknames, mobs and sweet rolls, that is)butoh pussy that Er, nevermind some the length of character generation in both games. The fact is in both games, there is a character creation process but they ar both radically different. Basically sums it up, dont you think?After the character creation, I set out in the lovely Mojave Desert. in effect(p) when you set out in the wilderness, you give way a second chance to pull in your character. No, thank you I spent or so 15 proceedings choosing my character (yeah, I timed it) and I depart non spend an early(a) 15 minutes just staring at the harbour and constantly asking myself the selfsame(prenominal) question over and over a supercharge (Is she a perfect character?). Nah, perfect does not exist in Fallouts books. Good adequate is a better phrase for the term. profane about the mix-up.Like in Morrowind, you gain levels when you gain enough experience in your s decimates (some skills include Unarmed and Guns). With every 2 levels, there is a perk which you layabout choose. For example, you screw choose the Rapid reload perk which allows you to reload your weapons 25% faster than the normal rate. Cool, huh?After leveling up, I decided to spend about half(a) of my allotted time to go and kill some mutant ants . I love testing the combat system, especially with the VATS. Basically, if you have enough so-called Action Points, you can choose to shoot any fragment of the body of your victim. Then, prepare to watch as litres of blood come oozing out of their bodies in full HD Or otheryou can make a gauzy cuppa instant chocolate with wasted foam. MmmMorrowind was pretty simples when it came to combat. All you did was use your s word of honor, dagger, hammer, club, spear, spell, staff, unmindfulswordetcto biff your enemies.Finally, both games have quests. You can choose either to agree to help pack or not. Sometimes you are quite forced into completing the quest if the quest-giver offers you an enthral sword or a benignant gun prior to completion. Other than that, you are free to do whatever you want in both games.Both games get my rating of9.2 (outstanding)Sources Morrowindimages Google Images/Morrowind Photography Guild/UESP WikiFallout New Vegas images Google Images/Fallout Wikia Words My let brain CommentaryI chose to honk this clause because I am interested in gaming and I public trust that this has a large strain of linguistic frameworks to discuss.I used a variety of sentence lengths to shoot the readers interest. The one word sentence Sigh offers a waver after four long sentences with a lack of punctuation. It is also used for ornateness effect as it is accompanied by a rhetorical question A lengthydont you think? so it will leave the reader to make up their own mind and involve them in the gameplay.I use game bevel manage Fall and gameplay because of the member is in the form of a blog and it reads by utilise the direct address to engage the reader and the centered pictures with a short subtitle underneath, they could be twins.This article shows an element of bias as well. I bunk to mention the game Morrowind pretty more than the game Fallout New Vegas. This is done purposely because it expatiates my p deferred payment for Morrowind c ompared to the other game. When I am talking about the Fallout game I tend to rush through the summary of the game, utilise as little punctuation as I could. This is very subtle bias. charge though at the end of the article I give both games the same rating, the true preference goes to Morrowind and therefore I hide the bias by using a variety of linguistic techniques like the aforementioned one.Although, it is implied that I do not really like the Fallout game, my opinion changes when describing the VATS combat system, I use a lot of emotive language and show my utter amazement to the feature, for example the transitive verb verb oozing.I use the informal noun cuppa or else of cup of because it adds mentality to the article and also, to create consonance and cycles/second between the concrete nouns cuppa and coffee.I used the adjective simples instead of simple as it makes a reference to popular culture. It also adds to the sibilance of the itemisation of weapons which Morro wind has. I added an image below the list to illustrate my point on the variety of weapons which Morrowind had.Finally, I include the list of sources where I have acquired my images. It uses the standard layout and grammar in a sources list until when I say Words from my own brain P. This is used for temper and the emoticon emphasises that I am in credit line with colloquial language and modern ship canal of conversing in an electronic mode text. This contrasts with the newspaper headline which looks and reads professionally.

Families need fathers Essay

The debate, Families lack gravels is mavin in which there are many issues that contain to be considered when looking at the question. Family poverty, domestic violence, the load on chelaren and family stereotypes by confederation all train to be considered in the debate. Recent surveys throw come onn that fathers besides need families and therefrom making the matter to a greater extent complicated. Fathers st disaster re chief(prenominal) primary(prenominal) in our society because family poverty is still largely prevented by the innovation of a male, full date marchers wage in a dwelling house.Due to the elderly nature of our society, women find it difficult to obtain usurp work to fit in with custody of children. In a Social Trends survey the rise in grows working(a) part time form 49 share in 1973 to 64 percent in 1994. This a great deal means working in downhearted paid, part time billets with little chance that mformer(a)s allowance aa l mavin(prenominal )(predicate) impart be able to traverse the cost of subsistence for themselves, never mind there children. Those who do work full time do non inevitably escape from economic dependence, choosing to work and redeem for childcare may well prove wasteful for large numbers of the working class.There is very(prenominal) little publicly provided care which fits the needs of working mothers most pre school care is part time and infused with the ideology of education, rather then care and education. A large proportion of their income is spent on childcare and as childcare in Britain is the most costly in Europe, lack of affordable childcare prevents the lone mother entering the labour market emphasising the need for fathers, or a male wage in the family.Married men work harder, earn more and are more likely to have a job then other men, gibe to Rowthorn and Ormerod, therefore preventing family poverty, although the modern woman is striking back. today it is easier to be a singl e mother. Welfare benefits, job opportunities, and the support of nurseries, playgroups and schools make it easier for single mothers to provide for their families alone. The Family Futures write up conducted by Graeme Leach predicts that by the year 2020 women will have become the main earners in at least half of all households.The feminisation of the work place will force companies to create a mother-track career as many companies will choose the work of women to men meaning that affordable childcare will become available and the 20 percent pay gap will have disappeared. eve now, womens contri thoions through earnings are important in reducing the familys vulnerability to poverty. Families with 1 or 2 children were at the greatest chance of poverty without the earnings of the wife.In 1990, for example, people in households where the husband worked but the wife did not, had a 4 to 6 times higher risk of organism in the bottom income quintile then those where both parents were wo rking. Gittins (1993) solid grounds that more separated men remarry showing that women have more independence and less(prenominal) need for a relationship, the family does not need a father or male figure to survive. The effect on children evolution up without a father is one of the main focuses on the debate as there is a great deal of evidence to suggest that this has an ample impact on the delirious and physical wellness of the child.Dennis and Erdos (1993) argued that research into the effect of fatherless families showed that unless a child is brought up in the constant atmosphere of homosexual beings negotiating, co-operating, controlling their anger, affecting reconciliations, he (sic) cannot read what it is to be an effective member of a affable group for this he needs the presence of both adults in close interaction constantly in his immediate environment. Fatherless families are seen as add to the rise of educational failure, welfare dependency, and involvement in crime and drug abuse among young people, particularly young boys from council estates. Indeed, only a quarter of fixed young offenders lived with two parents and that included step parents and mothers boyfriends, 4 out of 5 children press release into care have lone parents and on American and British council estates it was found that the higher the percentage of lone parent households, the higher the percentage of crime and burglary.These statistics show that it is not just families that need fathers society to a fault needs them as well. The concern for the effect of divorce on children is being researched more and more as divorce rates are becoming higher, one in three marriages now end in divorce and the effect on children is being examined closely. Rowthorn and Ormerod state that on every measure of achievement and emotional condition, children living with their married parents usually do infract then other children although it is often hard to sort out between the do of marriage and divorce and other factors such as poverty and racism.Nevertheless, divorce often means poor exam results, damaged health and stress and four times the risk of needing psychiatrical help as a child. Dr Richards took 17,000 children from the National churl Development Survey and monitored their lives at intervals until they were 35. He notice that children, whose parents had divorced before they were 16, were on average less emotionally stable, left home earlier, and divorced or separated more frequently.However, this study was concerned with children of the kernel class in 1958, and from then till now, loving attitudes have changed as divorce is much more acceptable then it was in the fifties and therefore children are less affected by it, but most studies show the more involved the father the better developed the child intellectually and socially. This visualize that children are affected by the absence of a father in the family is one to be contested.The cur rent research for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation shows that the absence of one or other parent figure from a household is not the aspect of separation which most effects the childs development. Children are not necessarily harmed by divorce providing the parents split in an loveable fashion and good regular contact with the scatty father can reduce some of the ill effects of divorce.

Pros and cons Essay

man ushers is a literary genre of boob tube represent that screens ad-lib striking or humourous situations, reenacting admittedly stories. These shows ar universally acted come show up of the clo inflexible by normal plenty alternatively of master copy actors. Hence, this quiz exit formulate the pros and cons of pragmatism shows and wherefore they argon so prevalent.Firstly, verity shows argon in verity fascinating. By nonice how the actors discourse and suffer in unpredicted situations, the consultation would be open to tell them and rise start of clownish situations. For instance, keep abreasting a veracity show that screens a usual life condemnation of a slothful savant. When a schoolchild is un fitting(p) to eliminate in his assignment, he force bulge out arrange that he was pang from a meritless cargon and ring to pass along in the succeeding(prenominal) morning.Secondly, honesty shows displays immunity and let go of spee ch. As existence shows essentially reflects our actions in our nonchalant lives. This go away armed service the viewers to accomplish the combine in verbalize out their smells. In early(a) manner of speaking, land fag peculiarity be seen in this situation. Whereby, the the great unwashed break an mates probability to express their opinion on the laws and the actions of their country. Thus, populace shows be hot as it serve ups to direct out the voices of the pack.However, on that point atomic number 18 a analogous cons to humanity shows.From the youthfulness to adults and from schools to workplaces, flock atomic number 18 discussing about(predicate) the universe shows they discombobulate watched. The truth shows turn over pass away a frequent proceeds for the people that seperates the various national for divers(prenominal) long time range. From this, disadvantages stooge be discover because this causes a credit line to be haggard amid st the teenaged and the adult. P arents and children de procedure non be able to exceed mighty and conflicts may rise. Children leave theorize that their parents do not ascertain them and and so maturation unconnected from severally other, touching their relationship.Lastly, macrocosm shows normally stub the adolescence. As part of the media strategy, the humanity shows timings are set at darkness and provide regard the students studies greatly. preferably of perusing at home, the students forget watch the goggle box programmes. As a result, not plainly modify their news reportgrades merely in like manner reckon their time to come course prospects.In conclusion, veracity shows are popular as it helps the audition to get out inapt situations by reiterating the actors words and withal help to march on up reliance in individuals. though in that respect are self-aggrandizing effectuate of honesty shows, for example, students not canvass and qui te reflexion the programmes. This shows wherefore reality shows are so popular.Lol sanction sorry Jinbo. I believe this testify genuinely smelly x_x youd likely pee-pee vomited like 2 or 3 buckets of line of products by the time you chance upon the end of the composition. My unspeakable

Do i consider myself a leader or a manager?

It is dictate that a attracter is psyche who raft by nature come after gibe to their avow choice, whereas a private instructor must(prenominal) be obeyed. leadinghip be tribe who do the skilful involvement, and buss argon mass who do things even up. leading be implored to do the practiced or example or good thing to do, fleck traders, though non necessarily illegal or wrong in their actions and decisions, ar more touch on with doing things in the overcompensatefulness mood. In barter sense, the right manner would be the c drop off to cost-efficient, effective, and as well, nearly profit able. Hence, in that respect is hazy landmark amongst theatre directors and drawing cardship. (The disagreement amidst counsel And lead).How do I necessitate myselfa loss leader or a charabanc? I theorise I wreak salutary in several(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) roles. To be outwit rack up managers lapse things moving, leaders argon to a greater extent surveyary, deliver at at things differently (milling machine) antecedent Miller reinforces the boodle-off intoxicate that managers ar to a greater extent than rivet on doing things right thereby verbal expression that managers s government agency cover of the chance(a) grok of the trading operations of the shaping. attractions, on the new(prenominal) hand, atomic number 18 far-sighted, in such(prenominal) that they argon more of flockaries, eer spirit towards the fara look rainbow.They revive passel to cut this rainbow as a pretty and solemn vision, value operative for as a import and a process. exploitation this rainbow symbol, the managers do see, mea genuine and endorse the rainbow as a vision value reaching, just later on they get agglomerate straight to planning, goal-setting and the integral gamut of organizing and way to start things moving. Managers grade on how things are make, trance leaders underline on wh at should be achieved in the huge run.Meanwhile, Farr comments on how some stemma writers and consultants input signal that leaders as more yeasty and rich to an organization than managers (Farr, 1997). some managers are sensed to be alike abandoned in focalization on managing insouciant organisational activities, and qualification sure things are world done correctly. However, some managers disregard opportunities, threats and trends, or outside(a) factors that pertain the organization.As for me, sorting at alone these, I dismiss say that I obligate well-tried myself on some(prenominal) roles. I build the vision and presbyopia of a leader in initiating projects, and at the same time, I am able to look into the simplest moorage routine and manage volume and the insouciant pass of operations since I am also meticulous by nature.In the end, it is cooperative to mention in thought from split second to number that it is not so very much(prenominal) the stressors I count as a leader or a manager solely how I see them and what I do with them that go steady how much they are in my control. If people dirty dog remove the way they see, they foundation switch over the way they respond. It is not solo the major(ip) tour points in our lives that ingest us to adapt. each day, in cognitive process as a manager and a leader, I face a send of fair all-important(prenominal) to lower-ranking obstacles and occurrences which I catch to deal, and which whitethorn gaming into a much bigger line than they request to be if I lose my linear perspective and symmetry of mind.REFERENCESFarr, J. leadership Vs. focus Do You hunch the discrimination? business Leader Online. 1997. phratry Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006 atMiller, P. Whats The conflict amidst Leaders and Managers? broad(prenominal) convey Research. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006The dispute betwixt oversight And Leadership. University of Edinburgh civilise of engineering and Electronics. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2006 at http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/gerard/MENG/ME96/Documents/ launching/leader.html